Ancient Civilizations of the Mediterranean

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ Ancient Civilizations of the Mediterranean / Ancient Civilizations of the Mediterranean.iso / testi / r08900.atx < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1995-04-21 | 18KB | 500 lines

{\fonttbl {\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 SYSTEM;} {\f1\froman\fcharset0 TIMES NEW ROMAN;} } \paperw9000 \margr0\margl0 \plain \fs20 \pard\tx1275\tx4920\ATXts240\ATXbrdr0 \f1 \b \cf4 \ATXht158 AUGUSTUS\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 27 b.C. (January 16) - The title of Augus tus\par (27 b.C.-14 a.D.) is bestowed on Octavian\par 23 b.C. - The \i imperium maius\i0 is bestowed on Octavian\par 22 b.C. - Cyprus becomes a Roman province\par 6-9 a.D. - Insurrections in Pannonia put down \par by Tiberius. Judaea and Pannonia become Roman provinces\par 0 14 a.D.- Augustus dies at the age of 76\par \par \par TIBERIUS 26 a.D. - Tiberius retires to Capri\par (14-37a.D.) 37 a.D. - Tiberius dies at the age o f 79\par \par \par CALIGULA 38 a.D. - Numidia becomes a Roman province\par (37 - 41 a.D.) 41 a.D. (January 24) - Caligula is assassinated\par \par \fi15 \par \par \fi0 \par \par CLAUDIUS 44 a.D. - Britain becomes a Roman province\par ( 41 - 54 a.D.) 46 a.D. - Thrace becomes a Roman province\par 49 a.D.- Claudius marries Agrippina and \par adopts her son Nero\par 50 a.D. 54 a.D.- Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina \par at the age of 64\par \par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht163 NERO\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 55 a.D. - Brittanicus, the son of Claudius and (54 - 68 a.D.) Messalina, is poisoned by Nero\par \par 59 a.D. - Nero kills his mother Agrippina.\par Launches a policy designed to gain \par the favor of the plebs\par 64 a.D. - Burning of Rome, in which 10 out\par of 14 districts are destroyed.\par Persecution of Christians\par 65 a.D. - Piso's conspiracy against Nero.\par Suicide of Piso and Seneca \par 66 a.D.- Rebellion of the Jews fought by \par Vespasian\par 68 a.D.- Revolt led by Vindex, Galba, and\par Otho leads to civil war\par 68 a.D. (June) - Death of Nero and end of \par the Julian-Claudian dynasty \par \par \par GALBA, OTHO, AND VITELLIUS 69 a.D. (January 15) - Galba is killed by the\par (68-69 a.D.) Praetorian Guard\par \par 69 a.D. (April 16) - Defeated by Vitellius near\par Cremona, Otho kills himself. Vespasian is acclaimed emperor\par 69 a.D. (December) - Vitellius is defeated by \par Vespasian near Cremona. Immediately afterward kills himself in Rome\par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht165 VESPASIAN\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 70 a.D.- Vespasian's son Titus conquers and \par (69 - 79 a.D.) destroys Jerusalem. Judaea is a Roman province\par 77-84 a.D. - Roman conquest of Scotland\par 79 a.D. - Vespasian dies at the age of 70.\par Eruption of Vesuvius \par \par TITUS 81 a.D .(September 13) - Titus dies at the age\par (79 - 81a.D.) of 40 \par \par \par DOMITIAN 96 a.D. - Domitian is assassinated at the age\par (81 - 96a.D.) of 44\par \par \par NERVA 98 a.D. - Nerva dies at the age of 70\par (96-98 a.D.)\par \par 100 a.D. \b \cf4 \ATXht164 TRAJAN\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 101-102 a.D. - First Dacian War\par (98 - 117 a.D.) 105-106 a.D. - Second Dacian War: Dacia\par becomes a Roman provinc e\par 106 a.D. - Province of Arabia\par 113 a.D. - Trajan's expedition against the\par Parthians\par 116 a.D. - Mesopotamia and Assyria\par become Roman provinces\par 117 a.D.(August) - Trajan dies in Cilicia\par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht157 HADRIAN\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 122a.D. - Hadrian's journey to the North\par (117 - 138a.D.) (Britain)\par \par 128-132 a.D. - Hadrian and his wife Sabina\par travel to Greece, Asia Minor,\par and Egypt\par 130 a.D. - Hadrian's favorite Antinous dies\par in Egypt. Foundation of Antinopolis\par 138 a.D. - Death of Hadrian and beginning of \par the dynasty of the Antonines\par \par \par 150 a.D. ANTONINUS PIUS 144-152 a.D. - Campaign i n Mauretania\par (128-161 a.D.) 161 a.D. - Death of Antoninus Pius\par \par \par MARCUS AURELIUS and 162-165 a.D. - Parthian War\par LUCIUS VERUS 165 a.D. - Bubonic plague spread through the\par (161-169 a.D.) Empire, affe cting 50% of the\par population\par 166 a.D. - Roman legation of Marcus Aurelius\par in Western China\par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht162 MARCUS AURELIUS \b0 \i \cf0 \ATXht0 alone \i0 168-169 a.D. - The Marcomanni and Quadi\par (169-180 a.D.) reach as far as Aquileia and\par Verona\par 180 a.D. - (March 17) Marcus Aurelius dies \par of the plague\par \par COMMODUS 192 a.D. (December 31) - Killing of Commodus\par (180 - 192 a.D.)\par \par \par \par P ERTINAX, DIDIUS, JULIANUS, 193 a.D. - Pertinax and Albinus proclaim\par NIGER, ALBINUS themselves emperors, the former \par (193 a.D.) supported by the Praetorian Guard,\par the latter by the Senat e. Elected by\par the army of Illyria, Septimius \par Severus marches on Rome and is \par recognized by the Senate\par \par 200 a.D. SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 199-200 a.D. - Severus travels to Egypt and Syria\par (193 - 211 a.D.) 202 a.D.- Severus returns to Rome\par 205 a.D. - Revolts by the Britons\par 211 a.D. - Death of Septimius Severus at\par Eboracum (York). Caracalla becomes co-emperor with his brother Geta\par \par CARACALLA and GET A 212 a.D.- Geta is assassinated by his brother,\par (211 - 212a.D.) together with Papinianus, prefect \par of the Praetorian Guard\par \par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht159 CARACALLA\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 \i alone \i0 212 a.D.- Constitutio A ntoniana: granting of\par (212 - 217 a.D.) Roman citizenship to all inhabitants \par of the provinces\par 215 a.D. - Monetary reform\par 217 a.D. - Caracalla is killed at Carrae\par \par MACRINUS 218 a.D.(June 8) - Macrinus is kil led and\par (217-218 a.D.) succeeded by Elagabalus,\par aged 14\par \par ELEGABALUS 222 a.D. - Elagabalus and his mother Soaemia\par (218-222 a.D.) are assassinated by the Praetorian\par Guard. He is succeeded by his cousin Severus Alexander, guided by his \par mother Julia Mammaea\par \par SEVERUS ALEXANDER 235 a.D. (March 12) - Severus Alexander and\par (222-235 a.D.) Mammaea are killed by\par soldiers at Mogontiacum (Mainz). Maximinus, an \par officer of Thracian origin, becomes emperor\par \par MAXIMINUS \i Thrace \i0 235 a.D. - Maximinus defeats the Germans and\par (235-236 a.D.) Iapygians\par \par \par THE TWO GORDIANS; 238 a.D. - Proconsular revolt in Africa. Two\par senators, the Gordian father and son,\par PUPIENUS and BALBINUS are acclaimed emperors. They are\par (237-238 a.D.) killed by the ambassador of Numidia. \par The Senate then appoints Pupienus \par and Balbinus emperors, but they too are killed by the Praetorian Guard. \par The young Gordian III is proclaimed \par emperor\par \par GORDIAN III the Pious 242 a.D. - Major expedit ion against the\par (238-244 a.D.) Persians,the Roman troops are\par defeated\par 244 a.D.- Gordian is killed in the East,\par Philippus the Arab, prefect of\par the Praetorian Guard, is chosen \par as emperor \par \par \par PHILIPPUS \i the Arab \i0 247 a.D. (April 21) - First millennium of\par (244-249 a.D.) the founding of Rome\par \par 249 a.D. - Philippus is defeated and killed by\par Decius at Verona. The Goths are \par defeated and the army proclaims \par the victorious General Decius \par emperor\par \par 250 a.D. DECIUS 250 a.D. (?) - Plague spreads through the\par (249-251 a.D.) Empire. Barbarians exert pressure\par on the Rhine; the Goths occupy Philippopolis in Thrace.\par 251 a.D. - Decius dies of the plague. Trebonius \par Gallus buys peace from the Goths\par and is proclaimed emperor\par \par TREBONIUS GALLUS and VOLUSIAN\par (251-253 a.D.)\par \par AEMILIANUS 253 a.D. - The legions of the Moesiae proclaim \par (253 a.D.) their leader Aemilianus, of Roman \par origin, emperor. Gallus and Volusian \par are killed by soldiers at Terni\par \par VAL ERIAN 253 a.D. (October) - The army of the Rhine\par (253-260 a.D.) appoints Valerian emperor.\par He divides the imperial\par throne with his son Licinius Ignatius Gallienus\par 260 a.D.- Valerian taken prisoner by the \par Sassanids at Edessa. Invasion of Gaul by the Franks and Alamanni\par \par GALLIENUS 267 a.D. - The Goths invade the Balkans and\par (260-268 a.D.) Greece\par \par \par CLAUDIUS \i the Goth \i0 269 a.D.- Claudiu s defeats the Goths at Naissus\par (268-270 a.D.) 270 a.D. - Claudius dies of the plague\par \par \par QUINTILLUS\par (270 a.D.)\par \par AURELIAN 271 a.D.- The Romans abandon Dacia and \par (270 - 275 a.D.) emigrate sout h of the Danube.\par The Romans re-conquer Egypt\par 274 a.D.- Monetary reform. Triumph of\par Aurelian in Rome\par 275 a.D. - Aurelian assassinated at Perintus. \par Tacitus made emperor\par \par TACITUS 275 a.D. - The Franks invade Gaul, the\par (275-276 a.D.) Alamanni occupy Argentoratum\par (Strasbourg) and the valley of the \par Rh⌠ne\par 276 a.D. - Tacitus assassinated in Asia. The\par army proclaims Probus emperor\par \par FLORIA N 276 a.D.- Probus' army defeats that of\par (276 a.D.) Florian at Tarsus, and the latter is \par killed\par \par \par \par PROBUS 277 a.D. - Probus liberates Gaul from the\par (276-282 a.D.) Franks and Alamanni, and Rhaet ia\par from the Vandals\par 280 a.D.- Probus makes peace with the Persians\par and pushes the Goths back from the\par Rhine\par 281 a.D. - Triumph of Probus in Rome\par 282 a.D. (October) - He is killed by his soldier s at Sirmium; the soldiers of\par Rhaetia and Noricum had acclaimed the prefect of the Praetorian Guard Carus \par emperor\par \par CARUS 282 a.D.- Carus appoints his sons Carinus and \par (282-284 a.D.) Numerian Caesars.\par 283 a.D. (summer) - Carus dies at Ctesiphon\par \par \par \par CARINUS and NUMERIAN 284 a.D.- Carinus emperor in the West,\par (284 a.D.) Numerian in the East.\par 284 a.D. Death of Numerian. The army\par proclaims Diocletian emperor\par 285 a.D.- Battle near the river Margus in \par Upper Moesia. Carinus defeats\par Diocletian but is killed by his \par soldiers\par \par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht161 DIOCLETIAN \par \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 (284 - 305 a.D.)\par IN THE EAST\par \par MAXIMIAN HERCULEUS 286 a.D. - Maximian, general of Pannonia, is\par (Co-Ruler with Diocletian) appointed Caesar by Diocletian\par (286-305 a.D.) 287 a.D. - Diocletian and Maximian are \par IN THE WEST Augusti\par 293 a.D. - Diocletian and Maximian both \par appoint Caesars: Galerius in \par the East and Constantius in \par the West\par 298 a.D. - The Persians recognize the Roman protectorate of Armenia\par \par CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS 305 a.D. - Diocletian retires to Split. Abdication\par (Successor to Diocletian) of the Augusti (May 1). The new\par (305-306a.D.) IN THE EAST Augustiare Constantius Chlorus and \par Galerius, the new Caesars Severus and\par Maximinus Daia\par 306 a.D.(July) - Death of Constantius\par \par MAXENTIUS 306 a.D. (October) - Usurpation by Maximian's \par (307 - 312 a.D.) son, Maxentius, and \par us urpation by Constantine,\par recognized by Severus.\par 307 a.D. - Elimination of Severus by Maxentius\par \par \b \cf4 \ATXht160 CONSTANTINE\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 308 a.D. - Conference at Carnuntum:\par (306 - 337 a.D.) the Tetrarchs at tempt to impose\par order on the difficult political \par situation. Galerius Maximianus\par and Licinius are appointed\par Augusti; Maximinus Daia and\par Constantine are their respective\par Caesars\par 311 a. D. - Galerius dies of malaria\par 312 a.D. - Battle of the Milvian bridge. Maxentius defeated and killed.324 - Constantine chooses Byzantium as the new capital, inaugurated in 330\par \par LICINIUS 332 a.D. - Victory of Consta ntine over the Goths\par (307-324 a.D.)\par \par \par CONSTANTINE II 340 a.D.- Constantine II attacks his brother\par (337-340 a.D.) Constantius with the aim of unifying\par the West. He is killed near Aquileia\par \par CONSTANTIU S\par (337-350 a.D.)\par IN THE WEST\par \par 350 a.D. CONSTANT II 350 a.D. - Magnentius declares Constantius' \par (337-361 a.D.) rule over; the latter is killed near \par IN THE EAST the Pyrenees\par 351 a.D. - Constant II appoints Gallus Caesar\par in the East\par 355 a.D. - Julian is appointed Caesar in Gaul\par 360 a.D.- Julian is acclaimed Augustus\par 361 a.D. (November 3) - Constant II dies in \par combat against Julian\par \par JULIA N \i the Apostate \i0 363 a.D.(June 26) - Death of Julian\par (361 - 363 a.D.)\par \par JOVIAN 363 a.D.- Jovian emperor, makes onerous \par (363-364 a.D.) peace with the Persians\par \par \par \par VALENTINIAN I 364 a.D. (February) - Valentinian chosen as\par (364-375 a.D.) Augustus\par IN THE WEST \par \par VALENS 364 a.D. (March) - Valens co-ruler with\par (364-378 a.D.) Valentinian\par 366 a.D.- Valentinian takes up residence at\par Treviri (Trier)\par 373 a.D. - Theodosius' campaigns in Africa. \par The Quadi and Alamanni invade\par Pannonia\par 375 a.D.- Death of Valentinian I. Gratian\par emperor. Appointment of \par Valentinian II\par \par GRATIAN 376 a.D.- The Goths cross the Danube\par (375-383 a.D.) 378 a.D. (August 9) - Defeat by the Visigoths \par IN THE WEST at Hadrianopolis (Adrianople).\par Valens dies in battle\par 379 a.D.(January 19) - Gratian appoints \par Theodosius emperor\par in the East\par 383 a.D. - Gratian is killed in the struggle \par against Magnus Maximus.\par Valentinian II at Mediolanum \par (Milan)\par \par VALENTINIAN II TH EODOSIUS\par (383-390a.D.) (379 - 395a.D.) 383 a.D. - Arcadius is made Augustus by his \par IN THE WEST IN THE EAST father Theodosius\par 388 a.D. - Maximus occupies Rome but is \par defeated and killed by T heodosius\par 395 a.D. (January 17) - Death of Theodosius.\par Division of the\par Empire between his\par sons Honorius and \par Arcadius, under the guardianship of\par Sti licho and Rufinus respectively\par \b WEST EAST\par \par \b0 400 a.D. HONORIUS ARCADIUS 402 a.D. - The Western court is transferred \par (395-423a.D.) (395-408a.D.) to Ravenna\par 408 a.D.- Dea th of Stilicho\par 410 a.D.(August 24) - Capture of Rome by \par Alarich, leader of the Visigoths and governor\par of Illyria\par \b WEST EAST\par \b0 VALENTINIAN III THE ODOSIUS II 425 a.D. - The Vandals occupy Seville and\par (423?-455a.D.) (408-450a.D.) Cartagena\par 429 a.D.- Genseric king of the Vandals in Africa\par 442 a.D.- Genseric signs a treaty with the Empire\par 450 a.D. 450 a.D. - Attila, king of the Huns, invades the \par West\par \b WEST EAST\b0 452 a.D. - Attila in Italy\par \par PETRONIUS MARCIANUS 455a.D. - Aetius, designated successor to \par MAXIMUS Valentinian III by Theodosius II, is \par (455a.D.) (450-457a.D.) defeated by the Roman general \par Recimerus. Genseric, king of the \par Vandals, occupies Rome\par \par AETIUS\par (455-456a.D.)\par \par MAJORANUS LEO I\par (457-461a.D.) (457-474 a.D.)\par \par LIBIUS SEVERUS\par (461-465 a.D.)\par \par \i Twenty-month interregnum\par \i0 (465-467 a.D.)\par \par ANT EMIUS\par (467-472 a.D.)\par \par HOLIBRIUS 472 a.D.- Recimerus proclaims Holibrius \par (472 a.D.) emperor\par \par \par \par GLYCERIUS\par (473-474 a.D.)\par \par JULIUS LEO II\par NEPOTIS \par (474-485 a.D.) (474a.D.)\par \par ROMULUS ZENO 476 a.D. - Genseric cedes Sicily to Odoacer,\par AUGUSTULUS king of the Heruli.Odoacer \par (465-476a.D.) (474-491a.D.) deposes Romulus A ugustulus, \par the last Western Emperor\par \par \par \b END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE \b0 476 a.D.